Method for determining an ophthalmological parameter

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for determining at least one ophthalmological parameter of a subject, consisting of the subject&#39;s semi-pupillary distances, comprising observing the subject&#39;s two eyes using an eye tracking device (30) borne by the subject and determining the aforementioned parameter at least from this observation.

The present invention concerns the determination of anatomicalparameters useful for the design and/or the choice of frames and/orlenses adapted to suit a subject.

It is known to measure the characteristics of the face of a subjectrelative to a specific design of frame chosen by the subject using afixed terminal or a tablet. The company Essilor, with its EyeCode andM'eye Fit Touch technologies, the companies Acep, Zeiss and Visionix,and also the company Hoya, with its VisuReal+ technology, propose anapproach of this kind.

The company Experoptic proposes a measuring kit including a frame to beassembled that is intended to be photographed when it is worn by thesubject. The measurements and photographs are submitted via the Internetand the spectacles manufactured remotely and then delivered.

The application WO 2014/006516 A1 describes a system including anexternal video camera for taking a photograph in order to determine theinterpupillary distance of a subject. The application WO 2013/086137 A1teaches a method of determining the interpupillary distance of a subjectby taking a photograph using a video camera placed in front of the faceof the subject. The patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,459,792 B2 discloses a methodof determining the interpupillary distance of a subject by taking aphotograph after placing a reference support on their forehead.

The patent EP 2 062 090 B1 discloses a video camera connected to acomputer that remotely observes a subject fitted with a frame. Theapplication WO 2014/077462 A1describes a method of measuring an eyerotation angle using an external video camera.

The document U.S. Pat. No. 7,794,085 B2 describes a device fordetermining the rotation center of an eye of a subject in particularusing a distant target. The patent EP 2 400 880 B1 teaches a method ofdetermining the eye rotation center based on the description of thesurface of the cornea by a mathematical model, the surface of the corneabeing observed in two different positions by a remote device.

The measurements described in the above documents are laborious andnecessitate the presence of external rather than built-in devices thatobserve the eye of the subject from a distance.

Because they are far from the eye of the subject, these external devicesalso lead to some inaccuracy of the measurement.

The application US 2006/0077558 discloses a device for preciselydetecting the position of the pupil. The interpupillary distance can becalculated.

US 2015/0131051 discloses another device for calculating the position ofthe pupil for the identification of the iris.

The application US2015/0042558 discloses a device for determining thedirection of the gaze configured to calculate inter alia the position ofthe rotation center of the eye.

None of the above applications aims to deliver data relating toanatomical parameters with the aim of manufacturing lenses and/orframes, and in particular are not aimed at determining theinterpupillary half-distances, which are most often different on theleft and on the right in the same person and a knowledge of which isuseful for optimum adaptation of the lenses and/or the frame to theperson.

There is therefore a requirement to simplify the determination ofophthalmological parameters and to improve accuracy, in particular withthe aim of selecting and/or manufacturing the lenses of a frame and/orthe latter.

Method of Determining Ophthalmological Parameter(s)

According to a first of its aspect, the invention therefore consists ina method of determining one or more ophthalmological parameters of asubject, chosen from their interpupillary distance, their interpupillaryhalf-distances, the position of the rotation center of their eyes, andthe position of their pupils when their gaze is focused at infinity,including observation of both eyes of the subject by a gaze trackingdevice worn by the subject and determining said parameter or parametersat least from said observation.

The determination method according to the invention enables directworking in the context of the face, as close as possible to the eye,thereby improving accuracy. It does not necessitate any remoteobservation. It is compatible with standard data processing systems suchas computers, tablets and smartphones.

Device Placed on the Subject

The gaze tracking device can be worn by the subject by way of a deviceplaced on the subject including the gaze tracking device, the deviceplaced on the subject being in particular a frame, a mask, a helmet oran over-frame, in particular a spectacle type frame.

The device placed on the subject can include a positioning frame ofreference intended to be positioned in a predefined manner relative tothe nose of the subject, in particular intended to be aligned with itsmedian axis.

Gaze Tracking Device

The gaze tracking device can include at least one optical sensor pereye. Thus the gaze tracking device can include at least one left opticalsensor and at least one right optical sensor. The left optical sensorobserves the left eye of the subject. The right optical sensor observestheir right eye.

The gaze tracking device can include two left optical sensors and tworight optical sensors. Depth can therefore be reconstructed using astereoscopic system.

The position of the left and right optical sensors on the device placedon the subject and/or the distance between those sensors is inparticular known. The position of the left and right optical sensorsrelative to the positioning frame of reference is in particular known.

The optical sensors can be thermal or infrared sensors. The opticalsensors can be associated with LEDs. The optical sensors can include avideo camera, in particular an RGB video camera. The video cameras canbe thermal cameras.

The gaze tracking device can include at least one right light forlighting the right eye of the subject and at least one left light forlighting the left eye of the subject, each light emitting in particularvisible and/or infrared light, polarized or non-polarized, in particularfiltered in phase or in amplitude, in particular structured or not, inparticular emitting a predetermined light pattern, the right and leftoptical sensors being respectively sensitive to the right light and tothe left light.

The gaze tracking device preferably includes an on-board, wirelesssystem.

Gaze tracking devices suitable for the invention are disclosed forexample in the applications FR 2 989 482 and FR 3 011 952.

The method of determining one or more ophthalmological parameters of thesubject can include a calibration phase to determine the position of theoptical sensors relative to the eyes of the subject.

There can in particular be displayed on a screen, transparent or not,one or more test patterns and/or one or more patterns intended to beseen by the subject, in particular to guide their gaze.

Ophthalmological Parameters

The determination method according to the invention in particularenables determination of the interpupillary distance of the subjectand/or their interpupillary half-distances and/or the position of theirpupils, in particular their height, when their gaze is focused atinfinity.

The methods of determining the interpupillary distance of the subject,their interpupillary half-distances, and the position of their pupilsentail observation of both eyes of the subject by the gaze trackingdevice worn by the subject. The gaze tracking device can enabledetection of the position of the pupil on each eye. The distance betweenthe left and right optical sensors can be known or calculated from theconfiguration of the device placed on the subject. The device caninclude an adjustable length nose bridge which can be used to determinethe ophthalmological parameters when in place on the subject.

The left and right interpupillary half-distances are measured relativeto the median axis of the nose of the subject. They can be identical ornot.

The interpupillary half-distances can be determined thanks in particularto the position of the optical sensors relative to the positioning frameof reference. The methods of determining the interpupillary distance ofthe subject, their interpupillary half-distances and the position oftheir pupils can include a calibration phase for determining theposition of the optical sensors relative to the eyes.

The determination method according to the invention can also enabledetermination of the position of the rotation center of the eyes of thesubject.

The direction of the gaze of the subject can be deduced from the imageof the eyes of the subject thanks to the optical sensors. The pupilprojected onto an optical sensor produces an ellipse the characteristicsof which are linked to this 3D direction. The rotation center of the eyecan be determined from the intersection of all the directions obtainedduring a given ocular scan.

Apparatus for Determining Facial Anatomical Parameters

Means for Determining the Shape of at Least a Part of the Nose of theSubject

The invention also consists in apparatus for determining one or morefacial anatomical parameters of this subject including a frame to beplaced on the subject, the frame including means for determining theshape of at least one part of the nose of the subject, saiddetermination means delivering information representative of said shape.

The means for determining the shape of at least one part of the nose inparticular have a known position on the frame.

At least one of the facial anatomical parameters, notably all the facialanatomical parameters, can be chosen from the width and the localinclination of the nose of the subject when the frame is placed on thesubject.

The means for determining the shape of at least one part of the nose canenable determination of the distance from the nose in their area ofcontact with the nose of the subject.

The means for determination of the shape of at least one part of thenose can include two pivoting fins each intended to be placed againstone wing of the nose and a device for adjusting the distance between thefins.

The means for determining the shape of at least one part of the nose caninclude two articulations each connecting the adjustment device to onefin. The articulations can each include a pivot connection.

The means for determining the shape of at least one part of the nose caninclude two sensors each measuring the movement in rotation of one finrelative to the adjustment device. The movement in rotation of the finsrelative to the device for adjusting the distance between the fins canbe incremental or continuous. The sensors measuring the movement inrotation of the fins relative to the adjustment device can be rotarypotentiometers that transform an angle into an electrical resistance oroptical coders.

The adjustment device can include a branch of adjustable length and asensor measuring the axial movement of the branch. The axial movement ofthe adjustable length branch can be incremental or continuous. Thesensor measuring the axial movement of the branch can be a linearpotentiometer that transforms a length into an electrical resistance.

The means for determining the shape of at least one part of the nose caninclude a light-emitting diode, an optical fiber espousing the shape ofat least one part of the nose, and a photodiode that transforms theluminous radiation emitted by the light-emitting diode and transmittedby the optical fiber into an electrical signal related to the shape ofat least one part of the nose.

Alternatively, the means for determining the shape of at least one partof the nose can include a nose bridge chosen from a set of calibratednose bridges adapted to different nose shapes, each of the nose bridges,when integrated into the frame, delivering information specific to it.

The information delivered by the nose bridge when integrated into theframe can be binary information.

The device placed on the subject can include an electronic deviceenabling automatic recognition of the chosen nose bridge.

The nose bridge, when integrated into the frame, can constitute orinclude a positioning frame of reference as described above.

According to another variant, the means for determining said shape caninclude at least one deformable flexible strip delivering informationrepresentative of the deformation that it undergoes.

The flexible strip can be a “flex” type sensor transforming adeformation into electrical resistance.

The flexible strip can also be inserted in a deformable nose bridge.

At least one of the facial anatomical parameters can be the angle of thewings of the nose of the subject or the width of their nose.

The frame can include a gaze tracking device, in particular including anoptical sensor. The optical sensor can have one or more of thecharacteristics described above.

The frame can include a gaze tracking device observing both eyes of thesubject, in particular enabling determination of one or moreophthalmological parameters of the subject, chosen from theirinterpupillary distance, their interpupillary half-distances, theposition of the rotation center of their eyes, and the position of theirpupils when their gaze is focused at infinity.

The gaze tracking device can have one or more of the features describedabove.

Sensor Sensitive to Contact with an Ear

According to another aspect, the invention consists in apparatus fordetermining one or more facial anatomical parameters of a subject, inparticular as defined above, including a frame to be placed on thesubject, the frame including two side branches, at least one branchincluding at least one sensor sensitive to contact with an ear of thesubject when the frame is placed on the subject, each of the twobranches preferably including a sensor sensitive to contact with an earof the subject when the frame is placed on the subject, each sensorsensitive to contact with an ear of the subject being in particular apressure sensor.

The sensor or sensors sensitive to contact with an ear of the subjectnotably have a known position on the frame.

The sensor or sensors sensitive to contact with an ear of the subjectcan also be sensitive to contact with the cranium of the subject.

The sensor or sensors sensitive to contact with an ear of the subjectcan be pressure sensors the resistance of which varies as a function ofthe exerted pressure.

Sensor of Side Branch Angle Divergence of Subject

According to another of its aspects, the invention further consists inapparatus for determining one or more facial anatomical parameters of asubject, in particular as defined above, including a frame, the frameincluding two side branches and at least one side branch angledivergence sensor, in particular a side branch angle divergence sensorfor each side branch.

The side branch angle divergence sensor or sensors can be rotarypotentiometers that transform an angle into electrical resistance.

Alternatively, the side branch angle divergence sensor or sensors can beinclination sensors, such as for example the Capteur d'inclinaison CMS(±0.25 V) 5 V typ. 4 mA Gamme(s) de mesure±90° Murata SCA100T-D02marketed by the company Conrad, or angle sensors, such as for examplethe Set avec capteur d'angle/position et aimant AS500106 180° alim 5V/DC sortie 0.5-4.5 V Cherry Switches CU103602, marketed by the companyConrad.

The frame can include two side branch divergence sensors for one sidebranch. The frame can include two side branch divergence sensors foreach side branch.

The frame can include a front branch and the side branch divergencesensor or sensors can enable determination of the position of one orboth side branches relative to the front branch.

The frame can include a first pivot connection enabling movement of aside branch in a substantially horizontal first plane when the frame isworn by the subject. The first plane can in particular include the frontbranch. A first side branch sensor can measure the angle formed betweenthe front branch and the side branch in the first plane.

The frame can include a second pivot connection enabling movement of aside branch in a substantially vertical second plane when the frame isworn by the subject. The second plane can in particular be perpendicularto the front branch. A second side branch sensor can measure the angleformed between the front branch and the side branch in the second plane.

The frame can include a first pivot connection and a first sensor forthe same side branch, in particular for each side branch. The frame caninclude a second pivot connection and a second sensor for the same sidebranch, in particular for each side branch.

The frame can include fixing means for fixing the side branches to thefront branch.

A utilization procedure, including in particular exercises to beeffected by the subject, can accompany the apparatus, in particular witha view to calibration and/or optimum control of the apparatus.

At least one facial anatomical parameter of the subject can be therelative positon of their nose relative to one of their two ears ortheir two ears.

At least one of the facial anatomical parameters can be anophthalmological parameter.

An electronic card, notably carrying processing algorithms, can transmitinformation linked to the anatomical parameters to a third party systemvia a cable or wireless connection.

Method of Measuring Facial Anatomical Parameters

The invention also consists in a method of measuring one or more facialanatomical parameters of a subject using apparatus according to theinvention for determining one or more facial anatomical parameters ofthe subject.

The apparatus for determining one or more facial anatomical parametersis in particular positioned on the subject so as to be adapted to suitthem and to enable the facial anatomical parameters to be measured.

The method of measuring one or more facial anatomical parameters of thesubject can include a calibration step.

Lens(es) and/or Frame Selection and/or Manufacture Process

According to another aspect, the invention consists in a method ofselecting and/or manufacturing one or more lenses and/or a frameincluding the determination of one or more ophthalmological parametersof a subject by the method according to the invention of determining oneor more ophthalmological parameters of a subject and the selectionand/or the manufacture of one or more lenses and/or a frame at least onthe basis of that determination.

The invention also consists in a method for selecting and/ormanufacturing one or more lenses and/or a frame, in particular asdescribed above, including the determination of one or more facialanatomical parameters as defined above using apparatus according to theinvention and the selection and/or the manufacture of one or more lensesand/or a frame at least on the basis of that determination.

The lenses can be corrective and/or solar.

The determination of the ophthalmological parameter or parameters and/orthe facial anatomical parameter or parameters can therefore be used forthe manufacture of frames and/or for adapting them to the subject.

By “adapting” is meant the operation of fitting the subject'sprescription lenses to the frame chosen by them. It essentially consistsin trimming the lens before it is fixed to the frame, so that theoptical center of the lens coincides with the direction of gaze of thesubject when focused at infinity.

The determination of the ophthalmological parameter or parameters and/orthe facial anatomical parameters can enable personalization of theframe, for example thanks to adaptation of the inclinations of the frameplane, the branch lengths, and/or the distances from the nose bridge.

The determination of the position of the pupils of the subject whentheir gaze is focused at infinity in the frame of reference of a frameas described above, termed the reference frame, enables mounting onanother frame, termed the final frame, chosen by the subject.

According to a first variant, the reference frame is designed tocoincide with the final frame, the form factors being in particularidentical and the design differences limited to finishes. Mounting canbe effected directly on the basis of the measurements taken using thereference frame. This refers in particular to standardized, inparticular low-cost, frames.

According to a second variant, the knowledge of the position of thereference frame on the face of the subject relative to the final frameis necessary to be able to go from the frame of reference of thereference frame to that of the final frame. Frame 3D modeling techniquesand face 3D scanning techniques can enable such information to beobtained.

Thus the method according to the invention enables the production ofpersonalized lenses and frames. It also enables standardized manufactureof lenses and frames and therefore a saving of time and a reduction ofcosts. Prescribing and/or supplying frames and/or lenses adapted to thesubject is facilitated.

FIGURES

The invention will be better understood on reading the followingdetailed description of nonlimiting embodiments thereof and examiningthe drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 represents one example of apparatus according to the inventionfor determining one or more facial anatomical parameters, and

FIG. 2 represents another example of apparatus according to theinvention for determining one or more facial anatomical parameters.

The apparatus 1 for determining one or more facial anatomical parametersrepresented in FIG. 1 includes a device 10 in the form of a frame to beplaced on a subject.

The frame 10 includes a front part 40 and two side branches 12 a and 12b. The front part 40 includes a front branch 11 and two front arms 13 aand 13 b.

The frame 10 includes means 20 for determining the shape of at least onepart of the nose of the subject delivering information representative ofsaid shape.

The means 20 for determining the shape of at least one part of the noseof the subject include two pivoting fins 4 a and 4 b each intended to beplaced against one wing of the nose of the subject and a device 3 foradjusting the distance between the fins.

The pivoting fins 4 a and 4 b are connected to the adjustment device 3by respective pivot connections 2 a and 2 b.

The means 20 for determining the shape of at least one part of the noseof the subject can include two sensors 5 a and 5 b respectivelymeasuring the movement in rotation of the fin 4 a and of the fin 4 brelative to the adjustment device 3.

The sensors 5 a and 5 b are for example rotary potentiometers thattransform an angle into electrical resistance, such as the 3382G-1-103Gthree-pin resistive position sensors marketed by the company Bourns.

The means 20 for determining the shape of at least one part of thesubject's nose can include a sensor 6 for measuring the axial movementof the adjustment device 3.

The sensor 6 for measuring the axial movement of the adjustment device 3is for example a linear potentiometer that transforms a length intoelectrical resistance, such as the PTA4543-2015DPB103 10k 45 mm slidepotentiometer marketed by the company Bourns.

The device 3 for adjusting the distance between the fins can include apositioning marker 14 intended to be aligned with the median axis of thenose of the subject.

The means 20 for determining the shape of at least one part of the noseof the subject can enable determination of the width, the localinclination and/or the angle of the wings of the nose of the subject.

The side branches 12 a and 12 b include respective sensors 21 a and 21 bsensitive to contact with an ear of the subject when the frame is placedon the subject.

The sensors 21 a and 21 b sensitive to contact with an ear of thesubject are for example pressure sensors such as the Force SensitiveResistor—Small or SoftPot Membrane Potentiometer—50 mm sensors marketedby the company Sparkfun.

The frame 10 also includes two side branch angle divergence sensors 31 cand 31 d. These sensors 31 c and 31 d determine the position of the sidebranch 12 b relative to the front part 40 of the frame 10.

The frame 10 includes a pivot connection 32 c enabling movement of theside branch 12 b in a plane P including the front branch 11.

The side branch angle divergence sensor 31 c measures the angle α formedbetween the front branch 11 and the side branch 12 b in the plane Pincluding the front branch 11.

The frame 10 includes a pivot connection 32 d enabling movement of theside branch 12 b in a plane P′ perpendicular to the front branch 11.

The side branch angle divergence sensor 31 d measures the angle β formedbetween the front branch 11 and the side branch 12 b in the plane P′perpendicular to the front branch 11.

The side branch angle divergence sensors 31 c and 31 d are for examplerotary potentiometers that transform an angle into electricalresistance, such as the 3382G-1-103G three-pin resistive positionsensors marketed by the company Bourns.

The frame 10 includes fixing means 33 a and 33 b for fixing therespective side branches 12 a and 12 b to the front part 40.

The apparatus 1 can determine the relative position of the nose and theears of the subject thanks to the knowledge of the area of contactbetween the nose of the subject and the frame 10 via the means 20 fordetermining the shape of at least one part of the nose of the subject,the knowledge of the area of contact between the ears of the subject andthe frame via the sensors 21 a and 21 b sensitive to contact with an earof the subject and the knowledge of the configuration of the frame 10via the side branch angle divergence sensors 31 c and 31 d.

The frame 10 also includes a gaze tracking device 30 including twooptical sensors 8 a and 8 b, namely a right optical sensor 8 a, orientedtoward the right eye of the subject and a left optical sensor 8 b,oriented toward their left eye.

The right optical sensor 8 a and the left optical sensor 8 b arerespectively carried by the right front arm 13 a and the left front arm13 b of the frame 10.

The gaze tracking device 30 carried by the frame 10 enables observationof both eyes of the subject.

The apparatus 1 for determining one or more facial anatomical parametersenables determination of the interpupillary distance of the subject,their interpupillary half-distances, the position of the rotation centerof their eyes and/or the position of their pupils when their gaze isfocused at infinity.

FIG. 2 shows a variant apparatus 1 for determining one or more facialanatomical parameters in which the means 20 for determining the shape ofat least one part of the nose of the subject include a nose bridge 7 achosen from a set of calibrated nose bridges 7 a and 7 b adapted todifferent nose shapes. The subject chooses the nose bridge 7 a thatmaximizes their comfort.

The nose bridges 7 a and 7 b include respective identificationelectronic means 9 a and 9 b.

The nose bridge 7 a, when integrated with the frame 10, for example byclipping or clamping it on, delivers information that is specific to itthanks to the recognition of its identification means 9 a by the rest ofthe frame 10.

Of course, the invention is not limited to the example shown and inparticular features of the example shown may be combined with oneanother in variants that are not shown.

Other means 20 for determining the shape of at least one part of thenose of the subject are possible, for example means including adeformable flexible strip delivering information representative of thedeformation to which it is subjected, such as a flex type sensor, forexample the Flex Sensor 2.2″ marketed by the company Sparkfun. The gazetracking device 30 can be worn by the subject by means of a device 10placed on the subject other than a frame, for example a mask, a helmetor an overframe. A stereoscopic system can be used to reconstruct depth,for example via a gaze tracking device 30 including two optical sensorsper eye. The frame 10 can include one or more side branch angledivergence sensors for each side branch.

1. A method of determining at least one ophthalmological parameter of asubject utilizing interpupillary half-distances, the method comprising:observing both eyes of the subject by a gaze tracking device worn by thesubject and determining said parameter at least from said observation.2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gaze tracking devicebeing worn by the subject by means of a device placed on the subjectincluding said gaze tracking device.
 3. The method as claimed in claim1, the gaze tracking device comprises at least one left optical sensorand at least one right optical sensor.
 4. The method as claimed in claim1, further comprising positioning a marker of said device in apredefined manner relative to the nose of the subject.
 5. The method asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the gaze tracking device comprises two leftoptical and two right optical sensors.
 6. The method as claimed in claim3, wherein the gaze tracking device comprises at least one right lightand at least one left light, the right optical sensor(s) and leftoptical sensor(s) being respectively sensitive to the right light and tothe left light.
 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a positionof a rotation center of the eyes of the subject is determined.
 8. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, wherein a position of pupils of thesubject is determined when their gaze is focused at infinity.
 9. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, further comprising displaying on atransparent or non-transparent screen one or more test patterns and/orone or more patterns intended to be seen by the subject.
 10. Anapparatus for determining one or more facial anatomical parameters of asubject including a frame to be placed on the subject, the frameincluding means for determining the shape of at least one part of thenose of the subject, said determination means delivering informationrepresentative of said shape.
 11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10,wherein at least one of said facial anatomical parameters is chosen fromthe width and the local inclination of the nose of the subject when theframe is placed on the subject.
 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim10, wherein the means for determining said shape comprises two pivotingfins that are each configured for placement against one wing of the noseand further comprises a device for adjusting the distance between thefins.
 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the means fordetermining said shape including a nose bridge chosen from a set ofcalibrated nose bridges adapted to different nose shapes, each of thenose bridges, when integrated into the frame, delivering informationspecific to it.
 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein themeans for determining said shape comprises at least one deformableflexible strip configured for delivering information representative ofthe deformation to which it is subjected.
 15. The apparatus as claimedin claim 10, the frame comprises a gaze tracking device observing botheyes of the subject, in particular enabling determination of one or moreophthalmological parameters of the subject.
 16. The apparatus as claimedin claim 10, including a frame to be placed on the subject, the frameincluding two side branches, at least one branch including at least onesensor sensitive to contact with an ear of the subject when the frame isplaced on the subject.
 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10,including a frame, the frame including two side branches and at leastone side branch angle divergence sensor.
 18. A method of measuring oneor more facial anatomical parameters of a subject using apparatus asclaimed in claim
 10. 19. A method of selecting and/or manufacturing oneor more lenses and/or a frame including the determination of at leastthe interpupillary half-distances of a subject by the method as claimedin claim 1 and the selection and/or the manufacture of one or morelenses and/or a frame at least on the basis of that determination.
 20. Amethod of selecting and/or manufacturing one or more lenses and/or aframe, including a determination of one or more facial anatomicalparameters as claimed in claim 10 using an apparatus as claimed in claim10 and the selection and/or the manufacture of one or more lenses and/ora frame at least on the basis of that determination.
 21. The method asclaimed in claim 2, wherein said device placed on the subject is aframe, a mask, a helmet or an overframe, in particular a spectacles typeframe.
 22. The apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the framecomprises a gaze tracking device enabling determination of one or moreophthalmological parameters of the subject, chosen from theirinterpupillary distance, their interpupillary half-distances, theposition of the rotation center of their eyes, and the position of theirpupils when their gaze is focused at infinity.
 23. The apparatus asclaimed in claim 10, including a frame to be placed on the subject, theframe including two side branches, at least one branch including atleast one sensor sensitive to contact with an ear of the subject whenthe frame is placed on the subject.
 24. The apparatus as claimed inclaim 10, including a frame, the frame including two side branches andat least one side branch angle divergence sensor.
 25. A method ofselecting and/or manufacturing one or more lenses and/or a frame, asclaimed in claim 19, including the determination of one or more facialanatomical parameters as claimed in claim 10 using apparatus as claimedin claim 10 and the selection and/or the manufacture of one or morelenses and/or a frame at least on the basis of that determination.